Multi-threaded code is challenging to get right and even harder to debug once it’s gone wrong. This is especially true when attempting to collect data from multiple threads. To make this easier, many .NET collection classes include the SyncRoot property to maintain proper synchronization with other threads that might be simultaneously modifying the collection. But then Microsoft changed its mind in .NET 2.0 and decided to let the developer decide how to manage synchronization, and so none of the new generic collections have a SyncRoot property.

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When a program calls a synchronous function, the program halts and waits for the function to finish executing. When a program calls an asynchronous function, the program does not wait and continues to execute while the asynchronous function executes in the background.

By default, C# methods are synchronous. External functions that can take a long time to execute–such as interprocess communications (IPC) and database queries–are typically asynchronous. However, there may be instances where you need to make a synchronous function asynchronous and vice-versa.

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